The Cardillo Travel Systems Essay Example for Free

The Cardillo Travel Systems EssayReview the Cardillo Travel Systems case in your textbook. release a four to five (4-5) pageboy paper in which you1. Explain the Securities and Exchange Commissions rationale to charge Cardillo executives with each of the following intrusionsa. making false representations to out of doors auditorsb. failing to maintain accurate financial recordsc. failing to file prompt financial reports with the SECd. violating the insider trading provisions of the federal securities laws2. Determine who was in violation or compliance of the AICPAs Code of Professional Conduct in this case study and analyze the key reasons why they were or were not in compliance. give obligate for the rationale. 3. Analyze the actions taken by Cardillos outside auditors and evaluate the level of efficiency of the audit risk management in this case study. Provide support for the rationale. 4. Determine whether or not the five (5) components of internal control were being fol lowed. Support the response with at least two (2) examples. 5. Create an argument for or against whether auditors have a responsibility to assess the judgment of the decisions made by Cardillos management. Support the argument. 6. Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note Wikipedia and similar type Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirementsBe typed, double spaced, apply Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are Analyze the forge and regulatory requirementsfor professional ethical decision making. Analyze the critical factors of business, audit, and planning risks, and the process of managing these risks in audit engagements.Analyze an audit framework and assessment process for evaluating the effectiveness of internal controls related to financial reporting. Use technology and information resources to explore issues in auditing. Write clearly and concisely about auditing using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on dissolve quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric found here.

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and genial C atomic number 18 EssayIntroductionSocial polity refers to the issue of addressing the call for of the society by the state. It takes reverence of the welf are aspects of the people that are based on roughly strategies, ideologies, regulation and undertakings. This phenomenon has reached a global scale nowadays. Social constitution has now a wider span and has expanded its horizon to enhance the benefit of the general people. Marshall (1950) devised the idea of mixer citizenship that paved the way to the welfare provisions. These rights were concentrate on the economic independence and a minimum standard of life for the citizen. Health is now considered something beyond the physical aspect. It has mental, psychological, affectionate implications. Health and welfare are the domiciliate of some sophisticated relations of socio-economic issues and the sufficiency of amenities provided (Atkinson et al., 2001). The existing genial and health plow syst em was manageually established in 1948 the administration of which started before the Second World war. It got a new dimension in the later part of the century where the community took the roles of the institutes and the control shifted to the private sectors. though it has some loopholes during the course, it has gone through several solid changes.This study will discuss the important landmarks in the history of UK brotherly indemnity and provisions a long with a critical evaluation and the recent achievements in this regard. It will in addition revolve around on the f performanceors behind the formation of the policies and their meeting on the process users.Task 1 historical and CONTEMPORARY LANDMARKS in social welfare provision1.1 historical and CONTEMPORARY LANDMARKS in social policyPrior to and during the Second World WarThe Poor righteousness was the sole social pull off facility that was provided prior to the Second World War which basically focused on the fourt h-year citizen and the incapacitated. It do it mandatory for each community to give benefit in the form of less charge for the deprived class. This law was later renamed into Public avail which was the result of Local Government human action, 1929. Subsequently, the facilities were open for everyone irrespective of disability and were applicable for people who did not thrust the money to pay for health care. (Pat Thane, 2009) The Disabled Persons Employment Act, 1944 made it mandatory for the companies to give jobs to people included in Disabled Persons Register which should be minimum tierce percent of their employment. (Barnes, 1991) The content connectedness for psychological Health was later established in 1946 which had a movement for improved facility for the mentally disabled patients. case Health Service and the National Assistance BoardThe Poor law was terminated with the introduction of the National Assistance (NA) Act in 1946 which came into practice 2 days late r. National Assistance Board ( induce a line) came into existence with the advent of this particular act. National Health Service took the hospitals under them which also came into being in the same year as NAB. NAB was later substituted by the Supplementary Benefits which merged with the Department of Health and Social Security in the year 1968. (Burt et al., 2003) After the Second World WarThe moral Health Act came into being in 1959 that targeted to give the mentally disabled people a space in the society. It was the contribution of The National Assistance Act 1948, amended in 1962 that gave incentive to the native authorities to urge the senior citizen and people with disability with food, pastime facilities and to chalk out a decade long plan to enable them to stay in their respective residents for a period according to their will. (Pat Thane, 2009) In1968, Health Services and Public Health Act took the usefulnesss to the senior citizens the and the people with disability t o another level by offering extensive operate like washing,stewards, recreation and help in their home. (Bauld et al., 2005)In order to quicken a social service division in every community, the Local Authority Social Services Act came into being in 1970. This was aimed at establishing a system where there is a collaborative and wide ranging arrangement for the entire social care system that will address the issues of people and give supporter to them who are in need of them. This division was given the duty of domestic aid, housing, food and entertainment facilities. The native authorities were made bound to make a catalogue of the incapacitated people and the services were to be exposed to the common mass. Invalidity Benefit came into existence in 1971which was later modified three years later which had the provision for Invalid Care Allowance In order to provide assistance to the people who wants to take the service of the local provider or a provider of their own choice of hea lthcare instead of the hospitals, District Health Authorities were given the authority in 1983 to give more finance to those people.In order to take care of the issue of make advancements in the service of the senior citizens and the people with disability, a series of papers addressed these issues to facilitate an improved service to the public. (Pat Thane, 2009)In an attempt to give more effort to the service to the people with disability, Disabled Persons Representation Act, 1986 was introduced so that they are taken into friendliness more than before during the policy formulation. It gave the local bodies the duty to evaluate the requirement of the people with disability in terms of the social service and take care of these needs and let them know about the offers and facilities the local bodies are going to provide. (Daunt, 1992) In 1996, the Community Care Act was implemented to facilitate the people in need of social service with the und so that they can pay for the services . there are several another acts that were introduced to enhance the social care to the UK people they are the following Carers (Recognition and Services) Act, 1995Mental Health (Patients in the Community) Act, 1995Disability Discrimination Act, 1995Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000Special Educational Needs and Disability Act, 200Private contract Vehicle Act, 2002Disability Discrimination Act (amended) 2005Disability Equality Duty (DED), 2006Welfare Reform Act 20071.2 factors influencing the development of policy legislationsThe provisions regarding healthcare and welfare are mainly designed to provide the people with the economic assurance in case of any illness, disease, aging or lack of financial crisis receivable to the lack of a job. on that point are several types of allowance which is provided when a person is ill or out of job which are backed up by the insurance arrangements of the state.In the period after Second World War the state was more e focused on giving jo bs to everyone. It was back up by the free education system and academic allowances. The prime attention of that period was basically the fund to the domestic arena, healthcare all around the solid ground and obviously jobs to everyone. The employers and the authorities word collaboratively in this regard.task 2 origins of social policies2.1 PROCESS in key Health and Social Policy legalizationThe act is often preceded by a bill. The health related bills are presented in front of the parliament. Health and social policies are basically the activities and steps taken by the state to achieve a certain result in the national health scenario. The entire arrangement and structure of the health sector is deeply influenced by the act and legislation. These procure of formulating the policies may vary in nature. The place for the policy formulation and structure along with the attributes of the strategy has implication in the development of these acts. The entirely procedure of policy f ormulation and implementation needs to be apprehended properly so that itbecome convenient to make use of the resources and bring significant modifications in the healthcare provisions.These processes have number of stages. It starts with the design of the policy. In tis frost stage, lots of insights and information regarding the need of the service receivers are received. It takes into consideration the intention and the expect results are determined and according to them the appropriate steps are taken to make sure the required inputs are arranged. Secondly, the designed policy is practically apply by speeding the policy. It takes active measures to execute the policy. The final stage includes assessment and adjustment where the policies are scrutinized and modified according to the need of the situation.2.2 INFLUENTIAL factors behind a parliamentary actHealth and social welfare related issues are aboriginally influence by the people themselves. simply the policy and parliament ary act are also affected by the assessment and the understanding and decision of the people concerned with the policy formation. There is also the consideration of the limitation of resources. In addition, the thinking process and the principals have a role to play. These policy makers have their own effectuate of view and philosophies that are influenced by their allegiance to their respective parties (Ungerson, 1997). There are various modes of accomplishing the policies which can be customary or contemporary. There is also pressure from the activists and communities. Unexpected situations and likelihoods of events also play a role in the policy making process in the health care and social policy which may result in a very unscrupulous decisions and polices. (Spanswick, 2003)2.3 the impact of the Act on service usersThe health and social care acts have positive effect throughout the UK history. These acts have helped to give people access to their fundamental right of health car e, specially the older generation and the disabled people. (Foster et al., 2001) It has given the UK healthcare and welfare a solid structure. Health acre and social care had been two isolated entities,courtesy of the acts. But tis disintegration created a problem of lack of coordination. This disintegration was done in terms of the strategies and control of the bodies but they have been combine to better serve the people.2.4 POLITICAL leaders contriburion on policiesPolitical leaders have vital contribution in helping the country recover from the adversities and downturn in the economy that resulted from the havoc of the Second World War. They help made the legislations to bring major changes in the social policies that had a foundation that predates the war. These politicians help execute the Health Act 2009 that aimed to take the National health Service to an advanced level to provide better facilities and service to the common mass.. In 2008 they passed Health and Social Care Act that had a vital contribution in revolutionizing and incorporating health and social care. The 2006 Health Act came up with the regulation that prevented public smoking and set the age restriction for smokers that was applicable to the seller of tobacco products. It also took care of the management of the medication and observation of transactions with pharmaceutical goods. (Hochschild, 1995)2.5 improving the CARE WITH the on-going policy changesThe policies that are concerned with the peoples welfare are always vulnerable to adjustments and amendments. Any vital change requires a lot deliberation and it has the jeopardize of producing debate. The Medicare Program, introduced in 1965, has seen much modification since its inception which has helped the public to have access to better services. Further elective packages have been introduced by the authority to add to the public convenience of people. (Alber, 1995) Task 3 impact of social policies on users of health and social care services 3.1 contemporary policy developments and implementationThe healthcare authorities and the social care bodies make sure everyone is treated with equality regarding the services. The strategy and regulation is designed in such a way that ensures service receivers get the servicemaintaining their freedom and self-esteem. The state does its best to offer the widest range of services. They disseminate information to the public about the heath related issues and they also inform about the supply ingredients of a meal. Through the various programs, people are encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle and children are imparted education. About the health related issues. There are many joint venture sin the health and social care sector they provide employment along with the measures to improve the social care sector and take care of issues like health discriminations, infant health and adolescence health, health of senior citizens and so on. (Mason and Smith, 2005)3.2 Measur ing the impact of policy initiatives on service usersThere are lots of evaluation methods that are being followed by the USA government to ensure the effectiveness and the efficiency of providing services to the service users. register based policy making is one of the major force for the best quality policy appraisal in the U.K. This policy making systems require policy maker and implement authority of all of these policy to utilize and use the information from distinguishable source including evaluation of the past rules and policy, statistics data, academic report and researches, political economy rules and theories, national statistics, consultation with expert or agents etc. even the public expenditure, expending and the taxation also take part in this process. The UK Government has already undertaken, and also they are presently undertaking some random proscribed trials of policy steps.3.3 the impact of a specific policyAt 1999, The NSF or The National Service poser for th e mental health published. It is it is the central element for the working age adults regarding the policy of government. Beside this, this is plan or program for ten years procession of the metal health care in UK. This NSF also described how this policy, system and the improvement will happen and the evidence relating this also given in NSF (CSIP/NIMHE, 2007). Though NSF is focusing on the decreasing of the smoke rate among people but it is not acomprehensive or massive activity of improving health care like general health acre. Eight different pilot studies on the subject of improvement of the physical health care have been study by the public health committee of the English strategy. (Beecham, 2005)3.4 policies in improving the quality of lifePolicies can play a virtual role in the improvement of the service users quality of the life. Participating interest group like patient organization is very effective in this regard. The focus was later concentrated in the cut down of tax es, the reduction of interference by the government and the reduction in the government expenditure in 1975. But it had to take some portion out of the welfare budget. Currently, the state is more focused on providing people with employment rather than providing them with abundant allowances and benefits. There have been many regulation and law which are introduced to address the issues of labor, healthcare and social care nowadays. (Gulliford and Morgan, 2003) Task 4 Recent developments in health and social care policy 4.1 recent development in health and social care policyIt deals with many different things like voluntary sectors in welfare, the role or the part of religion etc. Also it deals with free worldwide secondary education and many more. Indigence is one of the primary causes of sickness. The poor and broken law authority started to evaluate hospitals for the sick people. Health and social care policy deals with the rules and the policies, system regarding people welfare state. Most of the average report founded on three assumptions which is health services, family allowance and full employment. Beside all of these things current period achievement is the pensions, insurance, tax credits, supplement to the family income etc. All of these this is the implement of current era of time. It also deals with the health and social care initiatives, social and labor inclusions, important legislation initiative, and rights etc. The announcement done by the Peter Lilley will help get the harmony to the benefit system. These mainly decrease the dependency of the benefit by helping the person or people in their work. (Judge, and Bauld, 2006)4.2 thedifferences in formation and adaptionAt this 29th century the social and the health care system policies initiative reached the rural and far areas of the linked Kingdom. The main goal of this initiative of the health and social care is to provide the health and social care services to the society for the wellbeing o f the society without considering the financial condition of the people. The main goal of this initiative is to provide state edification, pension and the universal health care to the citizen of the country. Similar to Japan the heath care of USA is being dominated and maintained and controlled by the different kind of insurance scheme=where state do not play any part. Social and health care is a contract between the individualist citizen and the government in Scotland. But its straight forward in English policy where government ensures the commitment to give better health and social service rather than improving the policy itself. So it is more effective for the citizen of the country. This is a general contract between the service user or the citizen and the government service providers.ConclsuionThe main focus of the healthcare and social care has been the equality of access recently. All the acts and polices are aimed at proving people with the most fundamental services and mak ing sure that no one gets deprived (Exworthy et al.,2003). The undertaking of the major policy matters has been done in collaboration and various bodies across the state and government have put a lot of effort to take the healthcare and social care to a new dimension.ReferenceAlber, J. (1995). A Framework for the comparative Study of Social Services, Journal of European Social Policy 5 (2) 13149.Atkinson, M. et al. (2001) Systematic review of ethnicity and health service access for London. University of Warwick Warwick.Bauld, L. et al. (2005) Promoting social change the experience of health action zones in England. Journal of Social Policy 34 (3)427-445.Barnes, C. (1991) Disabled People in Britain and Discrimination A facial expression for Anti-Discrimination Legislation, Hurst and Co in association with the British Council of Organizations of Disabled People, London.Beecham, J. (2005) Access to mental health supports in England crisis resolution teams and day services. Internatio nal Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28 574-587.Burt, J. et al. (2003) The relationship between use of NHS Direct and deprivation in southeast London an ecological analysis. Journal of Public Health Medicine 25 (2)174-176.CSIP/NIMHE (2007) Mental Health New Ways of Working for Everyone. Progress Report 280692, Department of Health London.Daunt, P. (1992) Meeting Disability A European Perspective, Cassell Education, London.Exworthy, M. et al. (2003) Tackling health inequalities in the United Kingdom the progress and pitfalls of policy. Health Services Research 38(6, pt 2) 1905-1921.Foster, J. et al. (2001) A qualitative study of older peoples views of out-of-hours services. British Journal of General Practice 51 (470) 719-723.Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M. (2003) Access to Health Care. Routledge London.Hochschild, A. R. (1995). The Culture of administration Traditional, Post-modern, Coldmodern, and Warm-modern Ideals of Care, Social Politics 2 (3) 33145.Judge, K. and Bauld, L. (2006) Le arning from policy failure? Health action zones in England. European Journal of Public Health 16 (4)341-3.Marshall, T. H. (1950) Citizenship and Social Class. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Mason, A. and Smith, P.C. (2005) Description of theBenefit Basket, England. Report prepared for the HealthBASKET project, funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Research ProgrammeSpanswick, M. (2003) Access to health care vulnerable groups in society. In Public Health and Society,Ungerson, C. (ed.) (1997), Social Politics and the Commodification of Care, Social Politics 4 (3) 36282Thane P.(2009). History and Policy. MEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO THE HOUSE OF COMMONS HEALTH COMMITTEE INQUIRY SOCIAL CARE. 67 (1) 140-145

Solid Dispersion System in Drug Delivery

Solid Dispersion System in Drug DeliveryThe oral route remains the preferred route of do medicates administration due to its convenience, good patient compliance and low medicine production costs. In order for a drug to be absorbed into the systemic circulation following oral administration, the drug must be dissolved in the gastric tranquils. The active pharmaceutical ingredient in a unwavering state superman form must undergo dis event before it is visible(prenominal) for compactness from the gastrointestinal tract.1Currently, approximately 40% of the marketed immediate unfreeze (IR) oral drugs be reason as practically in dissolvable (1.1 Biopharmaceutics classification systemThe Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) was introduced in the mid-1990s to classify the drug substances with respect to their aqueous solubility and membrane permeability. BCS is a useful tool for decision-making in formulation development from a biopharmaceutical point of view.Solubility i mprovement strategies ar required for Class II and Class IV drugs.1.2 Approaches to improve the solubility or to subjoin the available surface argona for dissolutionPhysical modificationsParticle sizeMicronizationNanosuspensionsModifications of the crystal habitPolymorphsPseudopolymorphs (including solvates)Complexation/solubilization usage of surfactantsUse of cyclodextrinsDrug diffusion in common mail newsboysEutectic categorisationsSolid scatters (non-molecular)Solid solutionsChemical modificationsSoluble prodrugsSalts1.3 Solid DispersionsThe term warm dispersion refers to a group of solid products consisting of at least two different components, generally a hydrophilic matrix and a hydrophobic drug. The matrix can be either crystalline or amorphous. The drug can be dispersed molecularly, in amorphous particles (clusters) or in crystalline particles.7Much of the research that has been reported on solid dispersion technologies involves drugs that be poorly weewee-solub le and highly permeable to biological membranes as with these drugs dissolution is the rate limiting step to immersion. Hence, the hypothesis has been that the rate of absorption in-vivo testament be concurrently accelerated with an increase in the rate of drug dissolution. Therefore, solid dispersion technologies are particularly promising for improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs.1.3.1 Types of solid dispersionsOn the basis of release mechanisms and molecular arrangement in the matrix, solid dispersions are distinguished into following types9A. Simple eutectic mixture Eutectic mixture is wide-awake by rapid solidification of fused melts of two components that show a complete liquid miscibility with negligible solid-solid solubility. It involves loose atomic or molecular interaction and non on the formation of chemical bonds. When the eutectic mixture is exposed to gastrointestinal fluids, both the poorly soluble drug and the flattop whitethor n simultaneously crystallize out as a very pocketable particles result in an change magnitude the surface area and ameliorate dissolution and absorption of the drug.B. Solid solution A solid solution represents a homogenous one phase system, where the solid solution is dissolved in a solid effect and the two components crystallize together. The solid solution achieves sudden dissolution than a eutectic mixture because the drug particles in a solid solution are decreased to molecular size and dissolution of the drug takes place in the solid state prior to the exposure to the liquid medium.C. Glass solution It is a homogenous glassy system in which a solute dissolves on glassy resolving results in increased dissolution and absorption of the drug. It is characterized by a transparentness and brittleness below the glass forming temperature. Glass solution is a metastable and the strength of the chemical bonding is much less as compared to solid solution. Therefore, the release o f the drug was found to be faster than a solid solution.D. Amorphous precipitations in crystalline carrier An amorphous form of a drug produces faster dissolution rate. The drug may precipitate out in an amorphous form in a crystalline carrier from solid dispersions prepared by melting or solvent order. A strong interaction between the drug and carrier resulting in the formation of channels within the matrix seems to be a possible mechanism for improved dissolution of the drug.E. Compound or complex formation The formation of a complex between the drug and the carrier may either decrease of increase the dissolution and the absorption rate of the drug. The formation of soluble complex with low association constant resulted in increased rate of dissolution and absorption.The enhancement in dissolution rate of the drug can be ascribed toAn increasing solubility of the drug because of its amorphous state or small particle size (Kelvins law)9,10An increased surface area available for dr ug dissolution because of the small size of the drug particles11,12An improvement in leak of the drug caused by the hydrophilic carrier13,141.3.2 Advantageous properties of solid dispersionsManagement of the drug release pen using solid dispersions is achieved by manipulation of the carrier and solid dispersion particle properties. Parameters such as carrier molecular burthen and root, drug crystallinity and particle porosity and wettability, when successfully controlled, can produce improvements in bioavailability.16a. Particles with reduced particle size Molecular dispersions, as solid dispersions, represent the last state on particle size reduction, and after carrier dissolution the drug is molecularly dispersed in the dissolution medium. Solid dispersions apply this principle to drug release by creating a mixture of a poorly water soluble drug and highly solublecarriers. A high surface area is formed, resulting in an increased dissolution rate and consequently, improved bioa vailability.b. Particles with improved wettability Strong portion to the enhancement of drug solubility is related to the drug wettability improvement in solid dispersions. It was observed that even carriers without any surface activity, such as urea improved drug wettability. Carriers with surface activity, such as cholic acid and bile salts, when used, can significantly increase the wettability properties of drugs. Moreover, carriers can influence the drug dissolution profile by direct dissolution or co-solvent effects.c. Particles with higher porosity Particles in solid dispersions take been found to ready a higher degree of porosity. The increase in porosity also depends on the carrier properties, for instance, solid dispersions containing linear polymers produce larger and more porous particles than those containing reticular polymers and, therefore, result in a higher dissolution rate. The increased porosity of solid dispersion particles also hastens the drug release profi le.d. Drugs in amorphous state brusquely water soluble crystalline drugs, when in the amorphous state tends to have higher solubility. The enhancement of drug release can usually be achieved using the drug in its amorphous state, because no energy is required to break up the crystal lattice during the dissolution process.1.3.3. Carriers used in solid dispersionsMany carriers of natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic types are being used which include natural carbohydrates, semi-synthetic and synthetic hydrophilic polymers.S.No1Nature of carrierSugars make believe of the carrierDextrose, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose,maltose,galactose, xylitol, mannitolS.No2Nature of carrierAcids lean of the carrierCitric acid, tartaric acid and succinic acidS.No3Nature of carrierPolymorphic materials light upon of the carrierPolyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycols, hydroxyl group propylmethylcellulose (HPMC), guargum, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, methyl cellulose, pectin, hydroxyl ethyl ce llulose (HEC), hydroxyl propyl cellulose (HPC) and dextrins.S.No4Insoluble or entericNature of carrierpolymerName of the carrierhydroxy propyl methyl cellulosepthalate, eudragit RL, eudragit L 100, eudragit S100, eudragit RS.S.No5Nature of carrierSurfactantsName of the carrierPolyethylene stearate, poloxamer 188, tweens and spans.S.No6Nature of carrierMiscellaneousName of the carrierNicotinic acid, succinamide, dextrans, gelatin, poly vinyl alcohol, urea, cyclodextrins, skimmed milk etc.,Table 1.2 Various carriers used in solid dispersions1.3.4. Preparation proficiencys of solid dispersionsThe following are the study processes for the preparation of solid dispersions.A. Solvent evaporation method In this method, the physical mixture of two components is dissolved in a common solvent and followed by the evaporation of solvent. The advantages of this method are low temperature requirements for the preparation of dispersion and thermal decomposition of drugs and carriers can be preve nted. The higher cost of production, incomplete removal of solvent, adverse effects of solvent on the chemical stability of the drug and selection of common solvent are the drawbacks of this method.B. Melting method (Fusion method) The physical mixture of drug and water- soluble carrier was heated to melt and the molten mixture was then cooled and solidified mass was crushed, pulverized and sieved. The melting point of a binary system depends on its composition and proper manipulation of drug carrier ratios. Decomposition should be avoided due to fusion time and the rate of cooling.C. Kneading method The physical mixture of drug and carrier were triturated using small quantity of native solvent and water mixture, usually alcohol and water (11v/v). The slurry is kneaded for 45 minutes and dehydrated at 45C. The dried mass is pulverized and sieved through sieve no. 60 and the fraction was collected. The advantages of this method are low temperature requirements for solid dispersion preparation and usage of organic solvent is less. This method of preparation avoids thermal degradation of drug and employs less quantity of organic solvents.D. Melting solvent method This method involves dissolving the drug in a suitable solvent and the incorporation of the solution directly into the molten carrier. This method possesses the advantages of both solvent and melting methods.E. supercritical fluid methods Supercritical fluid methods are mostly applied with carbon dioxide (CO2), which is used as either a solvent for drug and matrix or as an antisolvent. This technique consists of dissolving the drug and the carrier in a common solvent that is introduced into a particle formation vessel through a nozzle, simultaneously with CO2. When the solution is sprayed, the solvent is rapidly extracted by the SCF, resulting in the precipitation of solid dispersion particles on the walls and bottom of the vessel. This technique does not require the use of organic solvent and since C O2 is considered environmentally friendly, this technique is referred to as solvent free. This technique is known as Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS).F. Lyophilization/ Freeze Drying This technique is an alternative to the solvent evaporation method. Here the drug and carrier are dissolved in common solvent, frozen and sublimed to obtain a lyophilize molecular dispersion.G. Melt agglomeration process This technique is used to prepare solid dispersion where a binder acts as a carrier. The solid dispersion is prepared by heating binder, drug and excipient to a temperature above the melting point or spraying the dispersion of drug in the molten binder on the heated excipients using a high shear mixer. The effect of binder type, method preparation and particle size are the critical factors influencing the solid dispersion preparation by this method. These parameters results in various dissolution rates, mechanism of agglomerate formation and growth, agglomerate size and distribution.1.3.5. Limitations of solid dispersion systemsProblems limiting the commercial exertion of solid dispersions areLaborious and expensive method of preparation.Reproducibility of physico-chemical characteristics.Difficulty in incorporating into the formulation of dosage forms.Crystallization of the amorphous drug in the dispersion.Poor scale up of manufacturing process and physical and chemical stability of drug and the vehicle.1.4 FDTs dissipated-disintegrating and fast-dissolving tablets are becoming popular as novel delivery systems for drug administration. They are more convenient for children, elderly patients, patients with sinking difficulties, and in the absence of potable liquids. The most desirable formulation for use by the elderly is one that is easy to swallow easy to handle. Taking these requirements into consideration, attempts have been made to develop a fast-disintegrating tablet. Since such a tablet can disintegrate in only a small substance of water in the oral cavity, it is easy to take for any age patient, regardless of time or place. For example, it can be taken anyplace at anytime by anyone who do not have easy access to water. It is also easy to dose the aged, bedridden patients, or infants who have problems swallowing tablets and capsules. Recently, many companies have researched and developed various types of fast-disintegrating dosage forms.18These tablets display a fast and spontaneous de-aggregation in the mouth, soon after the contact with saliva, though they can be handled or extracted from the package without alteration. The active agent can thus rapidly dissolve in the saliva and be absorbed through whatever membrane it encounters, during deglutition, unless it is saved from pre-gastric absorption. To fulfill these requirements, tablets must be highly porous, incorporating hydrophilic excipients, able to rapidly absorb water for a rapid deaggregation of the matrix. Different technological techniques, such as free ze drying or molding or direct compression are currently employed to prepare the formulations of this type present on the pharmaceutical market.1.4.1 Advantages of Fast Disintegrating Drug Delivery System (FDDS) 19,20Ease of administration to patients who refuse to swallow a tablet, such as pediatric and geriatric patients, mentally ill, disabled and uncooperative. doojigger of administration and accurate dosing as compared to liquids.No need of water to swallow the dosage form, which is highly convenient feature for patients who are traveling and do not have immediate access to water.Good mouth feel property of FDDS helps to change the basic view of medication as bitter pill, particularly for pediatric patients.Ability to provide the advantages of liquid medication in the form of solid preparation.Rapid dissolution of drug and absorption, which may produce rapid onset of action. around drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus as the saliva passes down into the sto mach in such cases bioavailability of drugs is increased.Pregastric absorption can result in improved bioavailability and as a result of reduced dosage, improved clinical performance through a reduction of unwanted effects.1.4.2 Approaches for fast disintegrating tabletsA. Patented technologiesCurrently, four fast-dissolving/disintegrating technologies have reached the U.S. marketZydis (R.P. Scherer, Inc.)WOWTAB (Yamanouchi Pharma Technologies, Inc.)OraSolv (Cima Labs, Inc.)DuraSolv (Cima Labs, Inc.)B. Three others are available outside the U.S.Flash sexually transmitted disease (Fuisz Technologies, Ltd.),Flash tab (Prographarm Group),OraQuick (KV Pharmaceutical Co., Inc.)Nanocrystal TechnologyC. Conventional technologiesFreeze -drying or lyophilizationTablet MoldingDirect compressionSpray dryingSublimationMass extrusionDirect compressionIt is the easiest way to manufacture tablets. Conventional equipment, commonly available excipients and a limited number of processing steps are i nvolved in direct compression. Also high doses can be accommodated and final weight of the tablet can easily exceed that of other production methods. Directly compressed tablets riot and solubilization depends on the single or combined action of disintegrates, water soluble excipients and effervescent agent. Disintegrate efficacy is strongly affected by tablet size and hardness. Large and hard tablets have a disintegration time more than that usually required. As consequences, products with optimal disintegration properties often have medium to small size and /or high friability and low hardness. respite of tablet edges during handling and tablet fault during the opening of blister, all results from insufficient physical resistance.Disintegrants have a major role in the disintegration and dissolution process of mouth dissolving Tablets made by direct compression. To ensure a high disintegration rate, choice of suitable type and an optimal amount of disintegrant is important. Othe r formulation components such as water soluble excipients or effervescent agents can further enhance dissolution or disintegration properties. except the main drawback of using effervescent excipients is their highly hygroscopic nature.The understanding of disintegrant properties and their effect on formulation has advanced during the last few years, particularly regarding so called superdisintegrants. dissolving efficiency is ground on a force equivalent weight concept, which is the combined measurement of swelling force development and amount of water absorption. Force equivalent expresses the capability of disintegrant to transform absorbed water into swelling force. The optimization of tablet disintegration was defined by means of disintegrant critical concentration. Below this concentration, the tablet disintegration time is inversely proportional to disintegrate concentration and above that disintegration time remains approximately constant or even increases.The simultaneou s front end of disintegrate with a high swelling force called disintegrating agent and substances with low swelling force ( starch, cellulose and direct compression sugar) defined as, swelling agent was claimed to be a key factor for the rapid disintegration of the tablet, which also offers physical resistance.1.4.3 Mechanism of tablet disintegration and water absorptionWhen mouth dissolving tablets pose in the mouth, upon contact with saliva the tablet disintegrates or dissolve instantaneously. The mechanisms involved in the tablet disintegration mechanisms areSwellingWicking (capillary vessel)DeformationParticle obscene forcesChemical reaction (acid base reaction)a. SwellingNot all disintegrates swell in contact with water swelling is believed to be a mechanism in which certain disintegrating agents (like starch) impart their disintegrating effect. By swelling in contact with water, the adhesiveness of other ingredients in a tablet is overcome causing the tablet to disintegrate .b. Wicking (porosity and capillary action)Effective disintegrants that do not swell are believed to impart their disintegrating action through porosity and capillary action. Tablets porosity provides a way for the penetration of fluid into tablets. The disintegrants particles (with cohesiveness and compressibility) themselves act to enhance porosity and provide these capillaries into the tablets. Liquid is drawn up or wicked into these ways by capillary action and rupture the inter-particulate bonds causing the tablet to break into small parts.c. DeformationStarch grains are generally thought to be elastic in nature that is the grains that are deformed under pressure will return to their original shape when that pressure is removed. But, with the compression forces involved in tabletting, these grains are permanently deformed and are tell to be energy rich with these energies being released upon exposure to water, that is the ability for starch to swell is higher in energy rich s tarch grains than in starch grains that have not been deformed under pressure. It is believed that no single mechanism is responsible for the action of most disintegrants. But rather, it is more likely the results of interrelationships between these major mechanisms.d. Due to disintegrating particle/particle repulsive forcesAnother mechanism of disintegration attempts to explain the swelling of tablets made with non-swellable disintegrants. Guyot-Hermann has proposed a particle horror theory based on the observation that nonswelling particle also causes disintegration of tablets. The electric repulsive forces between particles are the mechanism of disintegration and water is required for it. Researchers found that repulsion is secondary to wicking.e. Chemical reaction (acid base reaction)Disintegration of tablet included with citric acid and tartaric acid along with the sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, honey oil carbonate these react in contact with water to liberate carbon d ioxide that disrupts the tablet.Name of the overlapImodium Lingual nimble IngredientsLoperamide hydrochlorideDose2 mgName of the ProductPepcidin RapitabActive IngredientsFamotidineDose20mg and 40 mgName of the ProductMosid MTActive IngredientsMosapride citrate.Dose2.5mg and 5mgName of the ProductCalritin ReditabsActive IngredientsLoratadineDose10 mgName of the ProductNimulid MDActive IngredientsNimesulideDose50mg and 100mgName of the ProductZyrof MeltabActive IngredientsRofecoxibDose50 mgName of the ProductFeldene MeltActive IngredientsPiroxicamDose10mg and 20 mgName of the ProductMaxalt-MLTActive IngredientsRizatriptanDose5mg and 10 mgName of the ProductPepcid RPDActive IngredientsFamotidineDose20mg and 40 mgName of the ProductZyprexa ZydisActive IngredientsOlanzapineDose5mg, 10mg, 15mg and 20 mgName of the ProductZofran ODTActive IngredientsOndansetronDose4 mg and 8 mgName of the ProductRemeron SoltabActive IngredientsMirtazepineDose15mg, 30mg and 45 mgName of the ProductNuLevA ctive IngredientsHyoscyamine sulfateDose0.125 mgTable 1.3 Marketed fast disintegrating tabletsPiroxicam, a non-steroidal anti inflammatory agent, belonging to BCS class II is widely used as a first line drug in the symptomatic relief of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its low aqueous solubility has to be overcome through formulation strategies.skimmed milk can be used as a drug carrier as it is inexpensive, easily available, biodegradable, and does not exhibit toxicity problems as go through with PEG and PVP.24-26Polymersascarriersalsohavelimitationsinenhancingthesolubilityof poorlysoluble drugsdue totheirhigh viscosity. So the use of skimmed milk in the formulation of the SD of the drugs with limited aqueous solubility may be a potential and cost effective way to overcome the problem.27Skimmed milk is a colloidal suspension of casein micelles, globular proteins and lipoprotein particles. The principal casein fractions are a-s1, a-s2, b-casein and k-casein. b-casein is am phiphilic and acts as a detergent molecule with surfactant property. The milk also contains milk whey proteins with principle fractions of the b-lacto globulin, a-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulins. These molecules were found to be surface active with a superior solubility than caseins.28Aminoacids have been suggested either as additives in peroral application or in the form of aminoacid salts to reduce gastrointestinal disorders arising due to piroxicam like NSAIDs. The surface active agents and amino acid content are expected to be the reason for increased permeation of the drug from the solid dispersion.29,30

Does Democracy Address Insecurity?

Does Democracy Address Insecurity?Democracy effectively addresses insecurity. Do you agree, why or why not?Democracy does, and does not effectively address insecurity, in some aspects it curbs it, in others it accelerates it. Consequently, this minor essay will examine avenues in which democracy addresses and fails to effectively address insecurity. It will stop that despite the short-term pitfalls of modulationing to democracy, and the dangers of democratic governance without a difficult institutional foundation with knockout checks and balances, that it has the long-term potential to effectively address insecurity both within and outside a States borders.Regardless of whether established democracies provide st force, transitional democracies often create a large amount of instability, especially when converting from a more than authoritarian political system, and generally experience their worst period of instability during this juncture.1 A lack of unity and cohesion can cau se greater interior(prenominal) instability for a population within the short-term, aside from an increased likelihood of war with other States, during this period large scale ethnic cleansings whitethorn occur.2 As democracies are traditionally linked with a primary ethnicity, a purge has a likelihood of occurring before a strong institutional democratic standstill can form, often against ethnic groups who refuse to assimilate with friendship, as well as individuals linked to previous political administrations. Ironically however, whilst democracy can create much greater instability for a state in the short-term, in the long-term this political system can potentially create very strong and politically stable governance for the State.3 This can be demonstrated in the prominent military, economic and cultural role the United States plays in contemporary society today, despite engaging in the mass extermination of Native Americans only a century prior.4Democracies which do manage to establish themselves and overcome their shortcoming during the transition period can effectively address instability, both domestically and internationally, however there are severe limitations which can inadvertently result in greater instability also being formed if not implemented effectively.Theoretically capitalist States are very effective at addressing insecurity, domestically they can second alleviate income inequality among their poorer citizens, and internationally they help formulate economic interdependence between States.5 Whilst bilateral trade is not always from an equal economic standing, with virtuoso side often more dependent on the other, such as in the case between China and Taiwan, when two States are of similar economic standing it can prove a great brace factor in preventing conflict.6 This is evident in the lack of open conflict between the the States and China in decades.7 As economies of this magnitude continue to intertwine, avoiding conflict and inst ability between them becomes increasingly in their interests.Other theoretic models, such as the idle Democratic Peace Theory argue further points where even greater stability can be gained under democratic governance, considering that there is a past precedent of democratic states not going to war with one another.8 However, there are also aspects of this theory which highlight how democracies can result in greater instability occurring internationally, as democratic states can ironically themselves create new wars in the military operation of spreading democracy through and throughout the world, trying to force it through non-peaceful means on States who are either unwilling or unprepared for such massive political change.9 This results in a world of democratic states seek perpetual peace through perpetual war, leaving the world itself in a constant state of instability.10Domestically democracies can provide other major(ip) avenues of stability for the State, one of the most p rominent being the division of the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branches of disposal into separate branches independent from one another.11 The establishment such a comprehensive system of checks and balances can ensure the moderation of power of appointed officials and their political parties, and ensure that they operate within the law.12 The effectiveness of such a service can be seen in U.S President Donald Trump, with his controversial executive orders on implementing travel bans for foreign individuals being blocked by the judicial branch of government because they were found to be unconstitutional.13However, the greatest strength and weaknesses of democracies in addressing insecurity lies within having an inclusive political process, with a sense of inclusion encouraging non- waste solutions to political issues.14 An physical exertion of this can be seen in the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the main nationalist group involved in the troubles in Northern Irelan d in the twentieth century, who ceased their armed campaign in large part because of the political concessions provided to them in the 1995 Good Friday Agreement, which allowed them a platform to continue their struggle for independence through non-violent channels.15 Consequently, the ability of democracy to promote change in the government and political system without having to resort to any form of political violence is one of the greatest stabilising factors which democracy can provide a State, so long as an inclusive attitude is maintained.However, whilst democracies are meant to promote inclusion, in certain States a monocracy of the majority culture exists, wherein no attempt is made by the ruling party to govern all their citizens equally and achieve national unity for its supports and detractors, who may be ideologically polarised based around ethnicity, religion, language or self-identity.16 Such exclusion from the political process can enflame tensions between various gr oups within a State and result in these excluded groups emigrating, resulting in a depleted workforce, or in more extreme cases, developing a complete disenfranchisement with the political system, fetching up arms against the State and plunging it into further instability.17Henceforth democracy possesses the potential to create stability within a States borders so long as strong institutional foundations are in place with comprehensive checks and balances and a healthy electoral system which promotes inclusion over alienation. However, it is often not effective at addressing insecurity within other States borders when trying to spread its political model to states either unwilling or unprepared for political change through violent means. In States, which are transitioning to democracy, even if done so via peaceful means, short-term instability will likely occur within the State, however if they endure the process the potential long-term stability which the State can gain can prove timeless.

Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership

Transactional drawing cardship and Transformational returninghipComp be and contrast betwixt Transactional leadership and Transformational lead. What are the signifi atomic number 50t differences between the two leadership models? Give relevant examples.1.0 What is Leadership?Leadership has been described as the process of social influence in which one person freighter enlist or procure the aid and expect of others in the accomplishment of a common task. It is the way of organizing a group of people for the purpose of achieving a common goal. A leader is the person to who is receptive of guiding, inspiring and associating others with the dream goal.In addition, there are various suits of leadership models which include transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership and so on. In this contest, transactional leadership and transformational leadership exit be compared and contrasted.2.0 DescriptionTransactional LeadershipTransactional leade rship is a term used to classify a formally known group leadership theories that inquire the interactions between leaders and participators. A transactional leader focalizees more on a series of transactions. This person is interested in looking out for oneself, having ex vary benefits with their subordinates and clarifies a backbone of duty with reinforcers and punishments to reach goals.The transactional leadership style developed by Bass is based on the hypothesis that chase are impressd through a system of rewards and punishment. The transactional leaders view of the leader / follower human relationship is one of quid pro quo or this for that. If the follower does something good, then they will be rewarded. If the follower does something wrong, then they will be punished.Transformational LeadershipTransformational leadership is defined as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. In its paragon form, it creates valuable and positive cha nge in the pursual with the end goal of developing pursuit into leaders. Enacted in its authentic form, transformational leadership enhances the indigence, righteouse and performance of his pursuit through a variety of mechanisms. These include connecting the followers sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization being a share model for followers that inspires them challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align followers with tasks that optimize their performance.The possible action behind transformational leaders, on the other hand is based, on the hypothesis that leaders can exploit a indispensability of the follower. These particular needs are non based on quid pro quo transactions, but higher order needs. These needs are those of the total person, and are closely aligned with the internal motivational factors of the follower.S o at one end of the spectrum we have transactional leaders that are making many deals with those being led. On the other end of the spectrum, we have transformational leaders, which are looking to satisfy a greater need of an individual.3.0 MissionTransactional Leaderapproaches followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for some other Burnspursues a speak to benefit, economic rally to met subordinates current material and psychic needs in return for contracted services rendered by the subordinate . BassHere, transformational leaders receive exchange of work with their followers for benefit or rewards. Followers are motivated with the rewards being given.Transformational Leaderrecognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower (and) looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower BurnsThe leader who recognizes the transactional needs in potential followers but tends to go further, se eking to arouse and satisfy higher needs, to engage the full person of the follower to a higher level of need match to Maslows hierarchy of needs BassHere, transformational leaders tend to focus on the move to change the followers and the organization. In addition, as explained by Bass, the transactional leaders focus on the organizational work within the organizational culture as the way it exists on the other hand, the transformational leaders try to bring changes to the organizational culture.4.0 own(prenominal) characteristicsTransactionalDirectiveDominatingAction-OrientedTransformationalSelf ConfidentAssertiveSeizes OpportunitiesTolerates RiskUses Systems Thinking5.0 Characteristics of Transactional leaders1. Contingent rewards Transactional leaders link the goal to rewards, clarify expectations, provide required resources, set mutually hold upon goals, and provide various kinds of rewards for successful performance. They set SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, reali stic, and timely) goals for their subordinates. These leaders work on some aspects which includeExchange of rewards for bowel movement contracted.Rewards for achieving goals promised.Accomplishments recognized.Clear goals and recognition once they are reached is held to result in individuals and groups achieving expected levels of performance.2. Management by exception (active)Transactional leaders actively monitor the work of their subordinates, observatory for deviations from rules and standards and taking corrective action to pr pointt mistakes. These personalities likewise includeStandards specified by leader.Deviations are searched from the rules and standards.Corrective action taken quickly if necessary. May embroil follower punishment.3. Management by exception (passive)Transactional leaders intervene barely when standards are not met or when the performance is not as per the expectations. They may even use punishment as a answer to unacceptable performance. These leade rs have some uniqueness which includeLeader awaits emergence of problems before acting.Intervenes only if standards are not met.4. Passive-avoidant/Laissez-faireThe leader provides an environment where the subordinates take on many opportunities to make decisions. The leader himself abdicates responsibilities and avoids making decisions and therefore the group often lacks direction. This can also be explained asAgreements are not specified there are no expectations set and goals and standards are avoided.6. 0 Characteristics of Transformational Leadership1. Charisma or idealise influenceThe degree to which the leader behaves in admirable ways that cause followers to identify with the leader. Charismatic leaders display convictions, take stands and appeal to followers on an emotional level. This is about the leader having a clear set of values and demonstrating them in every action, providing a role model for their followers.2. Inspirational motivationThe degree to which the leader articulates a vision that is appealing and inspiring to followers. Leaders with inspirational motivation challenge followers with high standards, communicate optimism about early goals, and provide meaning for the task at hand. Followers need to have a strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act. get and meaning provide the energy that drives a group forward. It is also important that this visionary aspect of leadership be supported by skills that allow the leader to articulate his or her vision with precision and power in a compelling and persuasive way.3. Intellectual stimulationThe degree to which the leader challenges assumptions, takes risks and solicits followers ideas. Leaders with this trait stimulate and encourage creativity in their followers.4. Individualized consideration or individualized attentionThe degree to which the leader attends to each followers needs, acts as a mentor or coach to the follower and listens to the followers concerns and needs. Th is also encompasses the need to respect and celebrate the individual contribution that each follower can make to the team (it is the diversity of the team that gives it its true strength).Transformational LeadersMotivating for performance beyond expectations.Inspiring for missions beyond self interest.Instilling confidence to chance upon performance.Transformational leadership goes beyond transactional leadership.Transactional LeadersMotivating for performance at expected levels.Initiating structure to clarify the task and roles.Stressing the link between reward and goal achievement.Uses agreed upon performance to motivate.Performance beyond expectations7.0 AssumptionsTransformational leadersPeople get inspired by a person then they will follow that person.Great things can be achieved by person with vision and passion.Things are gotten done by the way they are injected with enthusiasm and energy.Transactional LeadersFollowers/Employees are motivated by reward and punishment.Orders are given by the superiors, and the subordinates have to obey the orders.These subordinates are not self-motivated rather they need to be intimately monitored and controlled in order to get the work done from them.8.0 DifferencesTransitional leadersTransactional leaders are aware of the link between the effort and rewardTransactional leadership is responsive and its basic preference is dealing with present issuesTransactional leaders rely on standard forms of inducement, reward, punishment and sanction to control followersTransactional leaders motivate followers by set goals and promising rewards for desired performanceTransactional leadership depends on the leaders power to reenforce subordinates for their successful completion of the bargain.Transformational leadersTransformational leaders arouse emotions in their followers which motivates them to act beyond the framework of what may be described as exchange relationsTransformational leadership is proactive and forms new expect ations in followersTransformational leaders are distinguished by their capacity to inspire and provide individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and idealized influence to their followersTransformational leaders create training opportunities for their followers and stimulate followers to solve problemsTransformational leaders possess good visioning, rhetorical and management skills, to develop strong emotional bonds with followersTransformational leaders motivate followers to work for goals that go beyond opportunism.In addition, the below table will give a detailed contrast of the differences between Transactional leadership and transformational leadership.Transactional LeadershipTransformational Leadership Leadership of the status quo. Effective in stable organizations and contexts. More likely to be observed in a well-ordered society. Leadership of change (within leaders, followers and organizations). Important in times of distress and rapid and destabilizing chang e. Focuses on social and economic exchanges between leaders and followers, victimization contingent rewards and administrative actions to reinforce positive and reform negative behaviors. Focuses on organizational objectives and organizational change by disseminating new values and seeking alternatives to existing arrangements. Leader-follower relationship sees each exchange needs and services to satisfy their independent objectives. Leader-follower relationship sees purposes of both be aim fused, leading to unity and shared purpose. Motivates followers by appealing to their own self-interest (for example, pay, and promotion). Attempts to raise follower needs (following Maslows hierarchy) to higher levels (for example, self-esteem) and to develop followers into leaders. Based on directive power acts. Based on interaction and influence. Follower response based on compliance. Supervision likely to be important. Follower response based on commitment. Supervision may be minimal. Leaders hip act takes vagabond but leaders and followers not bound together in mutual pursuit of higher purpose. Leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality. Founded on peoples need to make a living by completing tasks. Founded on peoples need for meaning. Focuses on situational authority, politics and perks. Involves values, but typically those required for successful exchange relationships (for example, reciprocity, and integrity). Focuses on personal power, values, morals and ethics. May be demonstrated by anyone in an organization in any type of position. Emphasis on day-to-day affairs, business needs short-term goals and quantitative information. Transcends daily affairs, concentrating on long-term issues. Leader-follower relationship may be established quickly. A relatively impersonal relationship maintained only as long as benefits outweigh costs. May take time for leader-follower bonds to develop. A personal relationship that may persist wh en costs outweigh benefits. Tends to be transitory. Once a transaction is completed, relationship may need to be redefined. Tends to be enduring. Emphasizes tactical issues. Emphasizes missions and strategies for achieving them. typically involves working within current systems. May involve redesigning of jobs to make them more meaningful and challenging. Emphasizes realization of human potential. Supports structures and systems that emphasize outcomes. Aligns structures and systems to overarching values and goals. Follower counseling focuses on evaluation. Follower counseling focuses on personal development. Atomistic worldview and moral altruistic motives based on teleological perspective (that is to say, based on consequences). Organic worldview and moral altruistic motives based on deontological perspective (that is to say, based on promises).In addition to the above table, their differences can also be categorized as the followingBasis Servant or steward LeadershipTransformati onal leaders have idealized vision. They are likable and honorable hero that worth imitating and identifying. They lead to bear on change in the environment. On the other hand, Transactional leaders have the basis of exchange process. They work on mutual need satisfying, giving rewards for job performance. They lead to promote stability in the workplace.Leadership developmentTransformational leaders tend to have more power. They empower and energize their followers excel. They re-engineer their followers. On the other hand, Transactional leaders design structures, control and reward system in their workplace to improve effectiveness and efficiency.Lead by exampleTransformational leaders are charismatic. They handle and run into individuals needs. As well, they upgrade the level of the needs. On the other hand, Transactional leaders possess different types of leadership style, using the right style at the necessary time.proactive change agentTransformational leaders make an effort to inspire their followers to help them change and transcend their selves for greater purposes. On the other hand, Transactional leaders reward their followers in terms of their performance. They are reactive to change at instances.Vision creator propagandistTransformational leaders make effort to create a vision of desired future state. They communicate pain of change that worth the effort. On the other hand, Transactional leaders focus on company goals and objectives. They make incontestable the needed goals are achieved.9.0 ExamplesTransactional LeadershipIn this kind of leadership, a clear chain of command is established. The leader motivates his subordinates by presenting them rewards and punishments. All requirements for a subordinate are clearly stated with corresponding rewards. If they fail to satisfy those requirements, they will receive a corresponding punishment. A couple of famous examples of transactional leaders are Joseph McCarthy and Charles de Gaulle.Transformati onal LeadershipTransformational leaders lead by motivating by their followers. Leaders appeal to their followers ideals and morals to motivate them in accomplishing their tasks. Basically, these kinds of leaders empower their followers using their own beliefs and personal strengths. Simply put, they inspire their followers. Famous transformational leaders include Martin Luther King Jr. and Walt Disney.10.0 ConclusionFinally, the transactional style of leadership is viewed as insufficient, but not bad, in developing the maximum leadership potential. It forms as the basis for more mature interactions but care should be taken by leaders not to practice it exclusively, otherwise it will lead to the creation of an environment permeated by position, power, perks, and politics. On the other hand, transformational Leadership by definition, seek to transform. When the organization does not need transforming and people are happy as they are, then such a leader will be frustrated. Like wartime leaders, however, given the right situation they come into their own and can be personally responsible for saving entire companies.

Free Richard III Essays: The Seduction of Lady Anne :: Richard II Richard III Essays

Richard III and The Seduction of Lady Anne   Richard, Duke of Gloucester, is a great seducer.  However, it is easier when the seducee is rather frail in mind and rawness, as I believe was the case with Lady Anne.  Perhaps Lady Annes ego was as much engaged as her anger was initially.  Gloucester chips off at her resolve masterfully, but lets look at the facts.  She knows that Gloucester defeated her husband and her father-in-law.  This fact is undisputed (within the play).  Gloucester admits both murders to her saying, your beauty was the cause of that effect the murders (I.ii.121).  Her father-in-laws corpse is lying scarcely feet away.  Yet in under two hundred lines, Anne goes from calling him a black magician and foul devil to accepting his ring (I.ii.34 I.ii.50).               This is quite a turnaround.  She could have walked away but she was more intrigued or flattered than angered or humiliated.  Richard uses flattery to woo her.  He repeatedly tells her that he killed her husband and father-in-law to be able-bodied to spend one hour in her sweet bosom (I.ii.124).  Gloucester goes on to tell her that He lives, that loves thee better than he Edward could (I.ii.141), meaning that Gloucester loves her better than her husband did.  later she spits on him, he calls it (the spit), poison from so sweet a place (I.ii.146).  Gloucester is unrelenting in his flatteries and she does not walk away.                The most remarkable portion of this diorama is when Gloucester bares his chest and hands his sword over to Anne to kill him and asks her to end his pain if she wont have him.  She starts for him with the sword, but drops it when he tells her that twas thy heavenly face that set me on to kill her husband (I.ii.182).  He then offers to turn the sword on himself.  Within a few seconds, she goes from raising his own sword to him, to weakly replying, I would I knew thy heart (I.ii.192).  She still questions his motives, but Gloucester has clearly already won her and slips a ring on her finger.               It is little wonder that Gloucester brags to himself of this conquest.  Her father-in-laws corpse is barely cold and she has accepted Gloucester as her next husband.

Earth Abides Essay -- essays research papers

Imagine waking up and looking around, only to realize that while you were asleep ninety percent of the realness population had vanished. In the novel Earth Abides, George Stewart creates this scenario and makes it a reality. The novel is centered on the life of Ish, who wakes up only to find he is one of the few left on earth. Having to survive and adapt, Ish is faced with the responsibility of making clash with other survivors of the Great Disaster. In doing so, Ish meets several characters and together they form a tribe to fit the unsanded lifestyle. Ish becomes the leader of the group and the main focus of the story however, he is not the only important character. Some members of the community immerge and become important figures as well. In the novel Earth Abides, we see a tribe with only a few members, grow and develop into a community with over three nose candy members. In a new world and with such hard conditions, The Tribe managed to survive successfully. This task was n ot easy, considering all the other people in the world who had failed. Many other survivors of the Great Disaster, killed themselves, drank their life away, and did not look for reason to live in a civilized manner. However, The Tribe overcame all of that and aimed itself in the function direction for yet another try at Mother Nature. Their success was mainly based on the fact that the members from the Old Times were able to lay and adapt. They made use of the resources and in some way put the Great Disaster behind them. These members found their place in The Tribe and built a strong foundation for their children. Of such roles, one of the most important is that of a leader. The leader has to take charge of the group, make heavy decisions, and have knowledge and cause of the world around him. It is the leaders duty to prepare his people and make sure that they are able to survive and care for themselves. In the novel, we can see this in the character of Ish. From the moment Ish r ealized what had happened to the he had the desire to be a leader. When he met the black family in his cross-country trip and thought to himself, "I could be a king here if I remained." Later in the novel Ishs desires for leadership are even more noticeable when The Tribe first comes into contact with Charlie. Ish is the only one who feels hostility towards Charlie and act awkwardly around ... ...bers. Both groups often thought differently because of the different times they grew up in, and Ezra understood some(prenominal) cultures. Ish did not often understand what others were thinking, even the children who were his own. Ezra on the other hand could relate to everybody andcommunicate with The Tribe. The survival of The Tribe was dependent on each of the older contemporaries members in some way. Ish had to lead, Ezra had to communicate and Em gave them all courage. There was also George the repairman who fixed everything for everybody and made sure peoples homes did not fall apart. Molly, Jean, and Maurine, were all plain folks, but brought to The Tribe ideas. Just like in causeings, the foundation of a community or society is the most important part. All the other layers on top depend on the layer below them. The Tribe could not survive with out having a strong foundation to hold on to and build on top of. The older generation members set this foundation using themselves as examples. In the end, everything the Old generation members taught their children had paid off. The new generation were prompt for the future and were well aware of the world around them, they were survivors.