A Question of Authorship Essay

For as far back as five decades, the universe of writing has come to revere the extraordinary works of one man. The huge commitment of Shakespeare in Literature stays unmatched. The sheer volume of the plays and works he had composed remain neglected, and the nature of its craft stays unparalleled. To such an extent, that there is likely nobody possessing this world who hasn’t the information on the incredible author. Nobody moves on from school without having the experience of Shakespeare in their training: his plays are commended through arranging and his works are the subject of study in, and even outside of, Literature classes. Additionally, the festival of Shakespeare and his works are not restricted to the bounds of instruction. Dramatic organizations win a sizeable extent of their benefits in arranging Shakespeare’s five-exceptionally old works. Distributing organizations advantage to a great extent in the a large number of hardbound duplicates they have printed of Shakespeare’s works, and the writing he and his works have propelled. With the image that has been painted, we can perceive how compelling and how enormous a column Shakespeare is in Literature. In any case, except for artistic researchers, relatively few individuals know about the issue that has encircled Shakespeare’s creation of the works that have been professed to be his since the time man can recollect. William Shakespeare of Stratford has consistently been viewed as the man who composed the everlasting plays and works. In any case, since the time theories have begun to emerge, different names have additionally mushroomed through the examinations of researchers who guarantee that these names are the ones which we ought to celebrate, and not that of the agent William Shakespeare of Stratford. The theories began when Alexander Pope brought to the consideration of perusers the credibility of the attribution to Shakespeare in some of his works. Pope assaulted Shakespeare’s on the validity of works that had been prohibited from the 1623 Folio, an assortment of Shakespeare’s most convincing works. His reactions made in the seventeenth century kept on impacting the ages that followed as for their feeling on the issue. Fundamentally however, what has agitated pundits are the disharmony in his the encounters and training got by a performance center man in Stratford and the quality and substance of the works he supposedly created, as expressed by one source, â€Å"The work ascribed to Shakespeare shows an information on topography, unknown dialect, legislative issues, and a monstrous jargon that many find conflicting with what’s thought about Shakespeare’s education,† (Lanciai). Origin Majority of the examinations were done through a recorded perspective. On the off chance that we investigate history during the time Shakespeare composed his plays, we would discover how origin was seen as irrelevant, even ill-conceived, in the composition of the book. As indicated by another source, conventional accounts that present the Middle Ages as a ‘golden age’ of phony for which inquiries of creation and genuineness were irrelevant (King). What set off this was the failure of amateur authors (particularly individuals of rank) to distribute their own name in their works under the system of Queen Elizabeth. â€Å"A courteous fellow of rank couldn't distribute under his own name in case he be associated with having a profession†. This approach was followed, and authors of rank either flowed their work secretly or they utilized nom de plumes (Lanciai Christian). Likewise, the theater business during Shakespeare’s time was an unsurveyable network (Lanciai). It in this manner follows that while theater was a significant industry of the time, it is extremely testing to analyze crafted by the business. These reasons at last lead to the turning gray of the follow to the genuine origin of the works ascribed to Shakespeare. Why not Shakespeare? It has been referenced in this paper the theater business was an unsurveyable network during Shakespeare’s time. A snippet of data that is known however is that the proprietors of the auditoriums were mutually claimed by the on-screen characters, as indicated by Lanciai’s article. Just the uncommon ascent in the business, and William Shakespeare was one of them, as he was a cultivated industrialist of those occasions. Thusly, we can deduce that Shakespeare the businessperson was an individual considered of rank in his age. In the event that we recall the standard that was forced on essayists of rank, another source contended in this manner: â€Å"If Shakespeare was a courteous fellow of rank, at that point William Shakespeare wouldn't he be able to his genuine name. On the other hand, the William Shakespeare who was a play-specialist, part proprietor of an acting organization, and occupant of Stratford just as London would have been in a decent situation to utilize and suitable work composed by an unknown high-conceived author,† (Price, Diana). How Shakespeare was seen The man’s (Shakespeare of Stratford) social and expert situation being referred to was depicted by Pope as this: â€Å"He writ to the People; and writ from the outset without support from the better sort, and subsequently without points of satisfying them: without help or exhortation from the Learned, as without the upside of training or colleague among them: [and] without the information on the best models, the Ancients, to move him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From this depiction, King gathered that Pope respected the exchange of the entertainers in his fills in as â€Å"bad conversations†, and that he was just ready to pull off this as a result of the Court support. Additionally, he had drawn from the statement that the nature of Shakespeare’s sensational composing improved in direct extent to his degree of social and phonetic contact with ‘the better sort’. With this we would already be able to perceive how Pope has de-justified Shakespeare from the degree of scholarly virtuoso which has consistently been related to his name. It likewise clear that Pope esteemed Shakespeare of this position due to the social position he was in, as indicated by a similar article, Shakespeare’s social tainting by his second rate partners and discussion accomplices added to the de-justifying. A contention from another creator bolstered Pope’s claims when another creator stated, â€Å"It gives the idea that Shakespeare of Stratford was very little regarded (or enjoyed) while Shakespeare the creator was† (Price). The opposite side of Shakespeare of Stratford that Pope brought up in agrees with the information on the creator. As indicated by Price’s book, Shakespeare of Stratford was distinguished by contemporary archives as a cash moneylender, play-intermediary, wheeler-seller, opportunist, and at some point entertainer. No peers of Shakespeare called him as a creator, not individuals from his locale. What additionally fortifies this contention is the absence of enduring records composed by him which have any scholarly noteworthiness (Price). Beside these, what’s additionally upsetting for researchers is the way that the will left by Shakespeare didn't make reference to of any books that he claimed. In Elizabethan period, books were viewed as significant things and in this way were to be handed down to family members or individual essayists. His passing likewise talked about his legitimacy as a commended present day dramatist in his time. In contrast to different dramatists, his passing didn't mix any open notification. Add to that the issue achieved the will he deserted, these things make many individuals wonder about his legitimacy as an author. It appears that his will was the main hint of Shakespeare’s abstract works. A man named Reverend James Wilmot was said to have looked through all of Warwickshire to search for any bit of proof that would introduce Shakespeare’s scholarly movement. Reverend Wilmot didn't discover any story, letter, archive or any keepsake (Lanciai). Unquestionably, any individual who is professed to be an essayist will have volumes of compositions in his home, or any bit of composing whatsoever. The article likewise clarified that Reverend Wilmot’s revelation drove him to infer that Shakespeare truly should have another author. His training likewise demonstrated only exceptional. As indicated by Price’s book likewise, the businessperson from Stratford just obtained a sentence structure school instruction probably. While conceivable, it is hard to accept that an individual of such instructive fulfillment could deliver the degree of keenness and development found in his works. It is practically certain when one makes the case that Shakespeare’s works have molded the manner in which English dramatizations are to be composed, as put by another source, â€Å"He makes and sets up the English stanza show, he steadily forms the English dramatization into the structure which hence and perpetually turns into the Shakespeare standard (Leahy, William). † This specific essayist is unified with the pundits who says it is unthinkable that these works of extraordinary quality could have been created by a man with minimal instructive foundation. Leahy included his article, â€Å"It’s not likely that Shakespeare could ace this structure legitimately without preliminary work in such a cultivated polished methodology which is now obvious in the primary Shakespeare dramatizations. † What made him state this is because of his non-existent training and absence of experience of Cambridge, France, and Italy. Beside this, Price includes how researchers call attention to that his insight into a few unknown dialects is regarded questionable. The article clarified that there is no sign that Shakespeare knew any dialects other than English, or that he at any point left England. The disparity between the pictures of the two people has fuelled the discussions for the validness of the representative from Stratford’s origin in the Shakespearian works. The Real Shakespeare Among the various series of charges and hypotheses with respect to Shakespeare of Stratford’s legitimacy to asserting initiation to various scholarly works, a

Creating a Winning Evaluation Essay Topic

Creating a Winning Evaluation Essay TopicThe most basic way to develop an excellent essay topic is to use the subject of your evaluation essay to highlight a character or trait that you admire. If you are an outgoing and confident person, you may want to use your first paragraph to show your personal testimony of how this characteristic helped you develop in these ways. Another option is to list the qualities that you feel describe the best qualities of the people you have worked with.Evaluation essays will often include certain aspects such as performance evaluations, job references, references of awards, and others. You can also use your essay topic to discuss other work that you may have done, if you want to. This should help you find topics that you have not even thought of. If you have a topic in mind, use the following tips to help you create a fantastic topic for your evaluation essay.First, identify any and all areas of your personality or character that you think may be an o bvious flaw. If you believe that you are self-centered, then you may want to consider how you might have handled some of your superiors. If you believe that you are difficult, then you may want to consider how well you have handled the type of friends that you had when you were younger.Next, list out a few non-trivial things that you want to see in a person who gets promoted. These could include professionalism, motivation, and energy. By making a list of these traits, you can compare your opinions with those of others who have an opinion about how you get along with your colleagues.Remember that it will be your job to be unbiased in what you list in your evaluation essay. It is not necessary that you agree with everything listed in the evaluator's report. In fact, it may not be wise to find ways to criticize someone's strengths. As long as you are honest and respectful about the idea that your evaluation will focus on the values and accomplishments of the person who receives the re port, you can find ways to make your points by highlighting what is most important to you.One of the best ways to emphasize a strong point in the evaluation essay is to describe how you were treated by your supervisors. By including how you are perceived by your co-workers, you can show how being a leader has helped you in your career. Also, list a few unique experiences that you have had in your career, so that you can use this information to make a more complete and useful evaluation.Evaluations can be extremely rewarding and beneficial to both the employers and employees. Employers will be more than happy to receive this information, since it can help them make the best possible decision about their next employee. Employees will have a better chance of getting their next promotion, and a better chance of enjoying the fruits of their labor.

Our Evolving Government And Changing Constitution - 908 Words

Our Evolving Government and Changing Constitution The Constitution of the United States of America is an ever re-interpreted document that is contested daily in council rooms and in courts across the land; It was made to be that way. The constitution works because it is open to evolution. For over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because it’s framers wanted to balance between the national government and the rights of states. The Constitution evolves to meet the needs of a world different from the eighteenth-century one in which it was created. The United States Constitution is an outline of the laws and principles that define the rights of American citizens and sets limits on what the government can do by organizing the branches of government. The legislative branch creates the law; the executive branch enforces the law and the judicial branch decides if the law follows the constitution. There are on-going debates about what The Constitution writers meant and what rights are given. From the beginning its writers debated how the details would be framed. The Constitution has a central place in United States law and in to some degree, the culture of the United States, certainly in the Culture of American Government. (Foner, Give me liberty pg. 268). Unlike The Declaration of Independence, it does not mention God or divine rights, rather it bars religious texts from federal office. (Foner, 270). It defined who was entitled to the freedoms as outlined in theShow MoreRelatedWrite An Essay On The History Of The Supreme Court1738 Words   |  7 Pages The United States is one of few countries that have not only a written constitution but one that has endured for over 200 years and seems to continue to dominate the political discussion. Foreigners may look at Americans as weird due to their devotion to this document and that many look at a document to answer our question. 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Evaluation of a Business Code of Ethics Essay - 1369 Words

First Energy and the Business Code of Ethics PHL/323 March 7, 2011 First Energy and the Business Code of Ethics First Energy prides itself on the ethical standards it has created. These standards are the basis that builds upon the trust between customers, shareholders, employees, and the surrounding communities. First Energy encompasses more than five states and supplies millions of customers. As a service company, First Energy expects its employees to adhere to a workplace free of harassment, unethical or unlawful business activities, and discrimination. Each employee must conduct him or herself accordingly with high ethical standards while conversing with customers, other employees, and First Energy suppliers. These standards†¦show more content†¦Every person’s happiness is of equal importance (Lasley Pickett, 1992). The following paragraphs will provide more information into the utilitarianism system between management, employees, and the board of directors. Utilitarianism and First Energy’s employees strive to maximize th e happiness of all employees. From firsthand experience the company accomplishes this by providing education assistance programs, discrimination guidelines to ensure all employees comply with and treat his or her coworkers with respect, and various outlets to ensure all employees questions and concerns are addressed. Along with the union First Energy also provides for excellent health coverage, paid holidays, maximum sick days, personal days, generous vacation day allotments, and grievance outlets to ensure employees concerns are brought to light. The next section relates this ethical system to management. Supervisors and management are held much more responsible for his or her actions than the employees. Although management is held to higher standards, he or she obtains substantial benefits from the company to achieve the utilitarianism maximum happiness. 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Therefore, to enhance this process I will critique empirical research articles for the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness in understanding leadership ethics. So, using the literature

Natural Capitalism The Next Industrial Revolution

Question: What way or ways is the current knowledge revolution a child of the Industrial Revolution? Is this a new revolution or simply an extension of the 18th-century revolution? Given the history, is it perhaps more appropriate to call the current revolution a communications revolution? Answer: The current knowledge revolution is a child of the industrial revolution in the ways of technology and sources of communication we are using and would not have been possible without industrial revolution (Hawken et al., 2013). Yes, it is a definitely an extension of the 18th-century revolution in terms of the industrial and technological advancements which have been brought by the industrial revolution. Yes, considering the history, it is perhaps more appropriate to call the current revolution a communications revolution (Mantoux, 2013). References Hawken, P., Lovins, A. B., Lovins, L. H. (2013).Natural capitalism: The next industrial revolution. Routledge. Mantoux, P. (2013).The industrial revolution in the eighteenth century: An outline of the beginnings of the modern factory system in England. Routledge.

Walgreens vs Cvs Accounting free essay sample

Compared to the industry average, CVS and Walgreens ROA are much higher. However, Walgreens ROA is higher than CVSs; which means that the latter is not benefiting as much from its assets as Walgreens does. In 2008, Both Companies have less ROA than 2004. In 2008, Walgreen’s has the least ROA during the five years of Data as it has struggled to maintain its level. Walgreen’s ROA hovers around 10%, where CVS’s ratio has a downward trend. It is important to note that the ratio Return on Assets is derived by multiplying Profit Margin by Total Asset Turnover. Return on Equity measures a firms efficiency at generating profits from every unit of shareholders equity (also known as net assets or assets minus liabilities). ROE shows how well a company uses investment funds to generate earnings growth. Both companies have extremely higher ROE compared to the industry average. Once again, Walgreen is taking more advantage of its shareholders equity than CVS. We will write a custom essay sample on Walgreens vs Cvs Accounting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From 2004 to 2008, Walgreen had a stable ROE that reached its highest in 2007 ( 18. 38%). On the other hand, CVS ROE went down significantly in 2007 from around 13% to about 8. . Keep in mind ROE equals ROA multiplied by Leverage (Assets/Equity). This being said CVS’s drastic downward jump can be explained not by its ROA (it stays fairly constant as we saw previously) but instead by it’s leverage. CVS greatly increased the amount of debt used to finance business operations between the years 2006 and 2007 jumping from around $9,900 to $31,000. Why CVS made this decision exactly is unknown. An interest coverage ratio below 1 indicates the company is not generating sufficient revenues to satisfy interest expenses. Obviously, they both have enough revenues to cover their interest expenses as CVS’s lowest recorded value was 9. 8, and the only available record of Walgreen’s is 115. Conclusion: Regarding the main ratios covered in this study, it seems that Walgreens is has an edge over CVS, not taking into account that Walgreens is larger than CVS. Walgreens has greater Returns on Assets, Return on Equity, as well as Profit margin. In other words, Walgreens is efficiently generating more profits from every unit of shareholders equity and debt and is benefiting more from the investment funds to generate earnings growth, and maintained a sufficiently higher amount of solvency. Also, Walgreens is generating more profits from its assets than CVS does. Although both companies profit margin is somewhat close, Walgreens has a greater profit margin than CVS. From 2004 to 2007, Walgreens had a greater profit margin than CVS.

Marriage in the Postmodern Society

Marriage in the Postmodern Society Abstract The report presents the issue of marriage in the postmodern society. It carries out a comprehensive study on the status of the marriage institution in the 21st century by defining marriage under a postmodernist perspective: symmetrical family’s justifications and criticisms.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriage in the Postmodern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It then shifts its focus to the factors that are currently either affecting, or threatening the validity and desirability of marriage, namely, the appeal of and availability as an option of singlehood, the increase in divorce, and cohabitation. Consequently, it is apparent that the marriage institution has definitely evolved in the 21st century society. The aforementioned variables are just but a few of the possible explanations. The question that remains is whether a universal gauge is in existence to which society should strive t o adhere in terms of the ideal marriage. If so, what is the standard? Since this is just a report, the paper avoids committing to any specific answer to that question thus opting to leave it to the reader’s exercise of action. Acknowledgement I would like to express my profound gratitude to my parents who have been very helpful in the compilation of this report by offering interesting insights on marriage that I shall share in the report as examples. I am also very grateful for the library resources including the large volumes of sociology textbooks and the internet, which were priceless sources of information and insights into the history of the marriage institution. The library staff members were much cordial. I am grateful for them having availed the facility for my use for both research and discussions. Finally, I would like to thank my professor who gave me constant feedback and guidance towards the completion of this report projects, as well as the respective group memb ers for their time and dedicated input into the project. Introduction Marriage refers to different things to the diverse people in different societies. However, all these diverse personalities throughout the world seem to converge into an agreement on one critical factor that marriage is a merger between two or more parties with the intention of establishing a family. Beyond this very general definition of marriage, there are numerous diverging opinions on what marriage consists of, ranging from same sex marriages to polyandrous marriages.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Circa 900BC, the world only knew one type of marriage, at least the Judeo-Christian history, which is the best documented type that indicates that marriage was between a man and a woman with the option of an increase in the number of wives if the man was wealthy enough to provide for them (New Advent Para. 2). This point introduces a very interesting yet somewhat underestimated or contemporarily downplayed variable in the marriage institution, which is the economic perspective. Research indicates that, in the past, marital unions were majorly determined on economic and social grounds rather than the emotional basis of marriages in the 21st century. According to the proponents of this school of thought, this qualifies to be the reason why the marriage institution today is highly unstable, as people no longer look at unions for their profitability purpose. In fact, today, if a woman singles out a wealthy male and targets such a man for his wealth, she shall be referred to derogatively as a gold digger. Conversely, arranged marriages of the past were very stable despite the lack of emotional basis. The proponents for this school of thought cite economical stability of the husband or the wife in cases where women had large fortunes as the cause of stability as opposed to unwise or u nprofitable unions based solely on love and affection, or on the notion of soul mates. Brief background into the history of marriage Marriage dates back into time immemorial. What becomes apparent as one transcends centuries looking is that, in the past, unions were strictly between a man and a woman who were monogamous. The notion of polygamy started later during the Abrahamic era. Even then, it was only in very special circumstances that the man could take more than one woman to wife. What has become known as polygyny or polygamy today began innocently enough as a permissiveness of society towards promiscuity among males (Sociology Guide Para. 3). This was a manifestation of the excesses of a patriarchal society. Men saw this patriarchal status as a justification of their superiority over women. Soon enough, the worth of women was diminished and equated to that of property. A wealthy man could take as many concubines as he pleased to his harem (this was the case in Arabic cultures ). In other cultures, this was manifested by the permissiveness of society towards male sexual expression, as it became acceptable for men to have affairs though it was a cardinal sin for a woman to be caught in a sexual transgression. The offence was punishable by death during Jesus’ time. It is interesting to note that, even then, men who were responsible for women committing adultery rarely suffered equal punishment. Another piece of evidence for this chauvinistic attitude is found in the meaning of the word ‘prostitution’, which originated from the Latin term, prostituta, which means a harlot or a woman who offers up her body indiscriminately, usually for money. Further evidence is in the term ‘male prostitute’, which only got attested in 1948 (Etymology Online Dictionary Para. 4).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriage in the Postmodern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These examples are an indication of the evolution of the status of the marriage institution. In the past, dowry was a very significant part of marriage because the economical aspect was a critical decision maker. Chastity was also very crucial as evidenced by the number of â€Å"shotgun† weddings, which occurred on a very short notice when a certain male compromised a woman’s virtue. Variables that have contributed to the status of 21st century marriages Upon a fast tracking to the 21st century, marriage has become a fundamentally different institution from what it was in time immemorial. Today, people have a very different perspective concerning what they consider an ideal marriage (Cherlin ‘The Marriage-Go-Round’ 18). This case can be seen from the myriads of marriage types that have infiltrated the post modernist society. Some of these interesting developments in the marriage institution include same sex marriages, cohabitation (come-we-stay), polyand ry and polygamy, and open unions (whereby the partners are married to each other, but they are allowed to have other sexual partners and relationships without the bonds of matrimony). Other than these types of unions that have been formally recognised and even named and studied by sociologists, millions of married couples are having affairs from even the sixth month of the marriage. Such kinds of shocking news lead one to enquire, ‘why should we get married in the first place?’ This question is interesting. To source its answer requires one to travel back in time and look into traditional marriages. The reasons for marriage back in the days were interesting because they were politically, socially, or economically motivated except for the shotgun wedding scenarios. People married to form strategic alliances between kingdoms, families, or to benefit from the spouse’s fortune. They married because they were avoiding a scandal that was likely to ensue after having be en caught in a compromising situation or in honour of age-old promises between their predecessors whose promises usually consisted of conditions and a promise of a reward or sanction if the conditions addendum to such a promise were either complied with or defaulted upon respectively. In short, love and affection were rarely the reasons why people got married. Today, the society has completely turned around from these old motivations to marriage. People get married only when they are in love with each other or when they end up pregnant after having engaged in premarital sex and so marriage is hastily done in a bid to save face (Cherlin ‘The Marriage-Go-Round’ 27).Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In short, the post modernist society has the traditional view towards marriage backwards because, whereas people in the past were accustomed to getting into matrimony as strangers and then growing into love with each other, today, people fall in love first after which they get into matrimony based on this love. The unequal distribution of wealth in the society, and specifically the gap between the rich and the poor, is also another significant factor in the analysis of post modernist society. Of course, this perspective requires a wider review of the economics of the post modernist society, specifically concerning the gender differences in wealth that are manifested in today’s society as compared to those in the past. This shall be the first factor that shall merit a discussion in this report. The Dynamics of Economic Balance The civil war in the early periods of the second half of the twentieth century in the United States of America is a magnificent example for use to expla in this factor of economics. At the time, civil rights activists and feminists came together to advocate for equality of men and women as they felt that the society was a reflection of the male chauvinism that was suffocating and insulting to women’s dignity and development as a sex since time immemorial (Sociologyweb Para. 5). This was a relevant complaint at the time because the society had always been rather private and silent on the status of women. Society was clearly patriarchal. However, since the industrial age and the intermittent world wars had proven to the world that women too could get an education and manage to provide for their families in the absence of their men, the government had no justifiable excuse for continuing to undermine women’s capacities. Consequently, in the US, the Affirmative Action took effect. The results were reflected in the increased emphasis on the ‘girl child’s’ success. Women thrived. They went to school and g ot scholarships to college. The barriers to college entry were utterly destroyed. If anything, they got a more favourable treatment than their male counterparts did (Cherlin ‘Public and Private Families’ 84). The effects of this mollycoddling are now felt as society is filled with prosperous women who do not need to rely on men to survive. Suddenly, society is confronted with a phenomenon that has never before been manifested in such great proportions throughout history. Therefore, there is no hope for alluding to past solutions to apply them into the current problem. Initially, marriages were stable because the woman relied on the man for all and any expenses that she accrued as evidenced by age-old common law principles in matters such as bankruptcy of women whereby married women could not be adjudged bankrupt. In case a woman was actually bankrupt, her debts would be answered upon the head of her husband. Now, women can afford to stay single indefinitely because, whe n they age, they simply move out of their parents’ homes and get a personal apartment. This case means that parents no longer need to stress about supporting adult daughters. This situation on the other hand results in less pressure being exerted upon the daughters to get married. This factor advises the next segment of this report’s discussion. The appeal of and availability as an option of singlehood In the 21st century, there is nothing surprising or shocking about being a woman who is more than 40 years old, and not having a husband. Neither is it shocking for a man to be without a wife at a similarly advanced age. It is only an issue if the said adult still lives with his or her parents at that advanced age. Research indicates that, as time lapses and adults fail to marry, or get married at a particular point or a period in their lives usually when their peers are getting married, they are likely to remain single for the rest of their lives or marry when they are very old. The same case applies to newlyweds that are widowed shortly after their wedding day. In 1901, only one out of ten households contained a single individual contrary to one out of every three households today that have a single person (Sociologyweb Para. 6). Conversely, in 1971, two-thirds (2/3) of people in single households exceeded pensionable age, which is sixty -five for men and sixty for women. Today, only half of those in single households exceed the pensionable age. Apparently, more people prefer to remain single in the twenty-first century. There are various reasons proposed to explain these alarming figures, including that the rate of marriages is declining, with an increase in divorce and separation. Secondly, people are delaying marriage or opting to cohabit until they are older. To explain this situation, the age bracket between 25 and 44 is dominated with bachelors. However, beyond 65 years, the numbers are opposite, with doubled women relative to men who are s ingle at this point of their lives (Sociologyweb Para. 2). The explanation for this case is that women have a higher life expectancy. Nevertheless, the reasons why people are choosing to remain single deserve further discussion. The next segment carries out an in-depth analysis of divorce as a cause of singlehood, which is a factor that is affecting the institution of marriage in the twenty-first century. It is interesting that this next segment is double pronged because divorce too affects the institution of marriage. Therefore, the segment shall discuss it under both faucets. The Increased Rate of Divorce The available several causes of divorce include individualism; dissatisfaction of conjugal rights, independence of women, social and legal permissiveness, and mass media influence. Individualism Most cultures in the 21st century are very individualistic. If two individualistic individuals come together in marriage, they are likely to carry this trait into wedlock. It becomes mani fest in spending their time separate from each other with each pursuing personal interests. This case is especially common when the two individuals are career-oriented with distinct professional goals that are different but equally important to them. Alternatively, when the husband has this trait, it means that he spends most of his time at work and/or hiding behind the excuse of being the sole breadwinner as the justification for staying away from home for so long. This scenario usually culminates in the development of romantic relationships with females at work, which if discovered, could result in divorce. Women too are integrated in the career world. When they see their male colleagues, who may be married, carrying on in this lecherous manner, it serves as a strong reason against marriage. Dissatisfaction of conjugal rights Dissatisfaction of conjugal rights is usually the next step after the development or continued sustenance of individualism. The spouse shall then start eying attractive options at the place of work, usually out of the boredom of having had only one partner for an extended period. An interesting observation now is that the survival rate of a marriage usually has a lot to do with the past sexual experiences of the spouses. If the spouse was accustomed to jumping in and out of relationships on a monthly basis, it may only take one month after the wedding for such a person to cheat. On the other hand, if the spouse had a more disciplined outlook to relationships prior to getting married, it is likely to last longer before feelings of boredom invade his or her mind. Other parties become interesting candidates for adventurous affairs. However, this explanation is not absolute, as there are those couples whose past life was very promiscuous, yet they survived longer than their more chaste counterparts did. In the end, the determinant is usually the amount of diligence exercised by both spouses about making their marriage work. Independence of Women Independence affects marriage in two ways. First, since women are now employable and that they can comfortably make their own income, they can easily get out of an unhappy marriage, which is unlike the olden days. Traditionally, despite the horrendous treatment that the wife was receiving in her marital home, she stayed on because she had nowhere else. Going back to her maiden home was some sort of proof that she was a failure as a woman. However, concerning this point, it is interesting to note that illiterate women who have no skills to market may still find themselves enslaved to their husbands, even in the twenty-first century. This assertion is deductable from the countless accounts of abuse in the matrimonial home and a closer review of the victims’ personal credibility in terms of independence. The second dimension to independence is that women are more focused on their jobs today so much such that what was initially known as the â€Å"second shift† in the representation of the role a husband plays in the household after he comes home from work has been renamed the â€Å"third shift† for women. It is inclusive of their professional lives’ demands, household chores and childcare, and emotional needs and fulfilments. Women are finding themselves very involved in work that they hardly have the time to deal with the emotional drama that comes with being in the relationship. This case causes the relationship to suffer, with divorce rates escalating. Social and Legal Permissiveness Society and the law have become more accepting of divorce. Whereas it was initially almost impossible to divorce one’s spouse, today, divorce proceedings in court last for a month for the case to be settled. If anything, the only contentious issue is the distribution of the marital property or the prenuptial agreement, which is another interesting development in the twenty-first century marriage arrangements. The society blatantly encourages divorce for unhappy unions as evidenced by marriage therapists and married or divorced friends telling their troubled colleagues to leave their marriages. In the past, marital problems were dealt with rather than pushing them under the rug and/or being allowed to fester because people knew that they were stuck with each other. Therefore, they had to work things out, which is no longer the case and divorce is seen as the exit clause in the event of major marital differences. Mass media influence Celebrities, who unfortunately, are the people’s icons, record the highest rates of divorces. When girls and boys dream about their future spouses, they fantasise about celebrities. When such impressionable youths then see such celebrity couples getting divorced barely two months after the wedding, they are disillusioned and misinformed about the marriage institution. Over time, their entire perspective on marriage becomes ruined. That case has led to the outrageous permissiveness tha t infests the twenty first century in the first place because, thanks to the fast dispersal of information, centuries-old traditional values of marriage and the family institution are being eroded within hours of watching certain movies or news bit on the latest contemporary marriage that went awry. Cohabitation Most couples in the twenty first century are forming a pattern of cohabiting rather than getting married. Watching the TV Series, â€Å"Better with You† that is directed by James Burrows neatly covers such a situation as Ben (acted by John Cooke) and Maddie- Maddeline (acted by Jennifer Finnigan) have been cohabiting for nine years. When the sitcom begins, they call their arrangement a â€Å"Valid Life Choice†. Sixty percent of couples that start cohabiting for the first time eventually get married. Seven out of ten couples give the same address on their marriage license while 56 percent of these carry out religious wedding ceremonies (Cherlin ‘Public and Private Families’ 97). It is becoming a norm to move in together and blatantly engage in sexual relations before marriage. The reasons for this include the availability, affordability and increased efficiency of contraceptives, and the geographical separation from the traditional family set ups, which allow couples to live together while not married without censure from relatives and other older generational members in the society among others. Status of marriage in the post modernist society The marriages that are prevailing in the post modernist society seem to follow a certain pattern. They seem to be symmetrical in the role of men and women although the extent of this symmetry is highly debatable. It has been the cause of much contention among feminist groups. The evidence of this symmetry is made manifest in the interchangeable and flexible roles of man and wife and the professional lives of both spouses as both are usually engaged in a paid employment meaning that the husband often helps in the housework. In fact, it does not make sense to leave it all to the wife yet both were in the office throughout the day. Additionally, since the wife is making a relevant contribution to the family’s income, the husband may feel obligated to help in the house. This income contribution also means that the wife and husband both engage in decision-making. Finally, the wife and husband in a symmetrical marriage share common friends and leisure activities thus giving them time and opportunity to bond and build their relationship. Criticisms of this deduction are mostly voiced by feminist activists who state that helping in the home is irrelevant as men count ironing their clothes as a form of helping. Women are still the primary homemakers and child caregivers in the home. Therefore, symmetry cannot be said to be in effect. Additionally, women have an emotional toll that they have to bear solely. Their role cannot be said to be equal to that of the men. Co nclusion This report has carried out a comprehensive study of the marriage institution in the post modernist society by first looking into the history of marriage and then looking at the matters that have come up since time immemorial to distort marriage. These factors include economic liberation of women and the social and legal permissiveness towards divorce among others. The factors prove the inevitability of change in the marriage institution. Finally, it has looked at the symmetrical status of the twenty-first century marriages. In conclusion, it posits that marriage has evolved significantly since historical times and will only continue to do so as society continues to evolve. Cherlin, Andrew. The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family Today. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print. Cherlin, Andrew. Public and Private Families: An Introduction (Sixth edition). London: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Etymology Online Dictionary. etomologyonline.com, 2010. Web. New Ad vent. Catholod Encyclopedia: History of Marriage, 2009. Web. Sociology Guide. Marriage, Family, and Kinships, 2012. Web. Sociologyweb. Sociology Changes in the Family, 2013. Web.